保持?jǐn)嗄虝r(shí)大窩的仔豬的生長(zhǎng)性能(4)

牧童

6. Quantity of starter and link to feed/feed budget

There is no disputing the necessity to feed nutrient-dense, milk product-rich diets in the postweaning period to ensure fast and efficient lifetime pig growth (Lawlor et al., 2002a; 2003b; 2005a). However, these diets are expensive and their overuse must be avoided. Feeding small quantities of these diets post-weaning may not maximize post-weaning performance but may be sufficient to optimize lifetime performance. Kavanagh (1995) found that pigs given 1 kg starter diet and 4 kg link diet were 2 kg lighter at 28 days post-weaning than pigs given 3 kg of starter and 8 kg link diet. However, by day 40 post-weaning this 2-kg weight advantage had been reduced to a 1-kg weight advantage and as pigs were not followed through to slaughter weight it is not known if full compensatory growth would have occurred by this time. Likewise, Lawlor et al. (2002a) compared two post-weaning dietary regimes: 1. 10kg starter followed by link to 27 days post-weaning and 2. 3kg starter followed by 10kg link followed by weaner diet to 27 days. In this experiment pig weight at day 27 was increased by 1.2kg and feed conversion efficiency was improved between weaning and day 27 post-weaning when the higher levels of starter and link were fed. However, the weight advantage was lost by day 50 post-weaning and pigs from both treatments reached target slaughter weight at the same age and had similar FCE from weaning to slaughter. This work also found that the benefit from feeding starter diet elapsed after day 10 post-weaning (Lawlor et al., 2002a)..

6.教槽料質(zhì)量和飼養(yǎng)方案的前后鏈接

毫無爭(zhēng)議的是飼料必須營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,在斷奶后的日糧含有豐富的奶制品，以確保仔豬生命期的快速、高效、增長(zhǎng)(勞勒,2002;2003;2005)。然而,這些日糧是昂貴的,必須避免過度使用這種飼料。斷奶后飼喂少量這樣營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富的飼料，可能不會(huì)最大化斷奶后的性能,但可能足以優(yōu)化生命期的生長(zhǎng)性能?？ㄍ呒{(1995)發(fā)現(xiàn),給豬1千克開食料和4千克過渡日糧，與給3千克教槽料和8千克過渡料的仔豬相比，在斷奶后28天時(shí)仔豬輕2kg。然而,到斷奶后40 天時(shí)，這2千克體重優(yōu)勢(shì)已經(jīng)減少到1千克體重優(yōu)勢(shì)，因?yàn)闆]有跟蹤觀測(cè)到上市屠宰體重，所以我們也不知道在這個(gè)時(shí)間里是否有完全補(bǔ)償性增長(zhǎng)。同樣，勞勒(2002)比較了兩個(gè)斷奶后日糧制度: 1）10kg教槽料隨后在斷奶后的27天使用過渡飼料，2）3千克教槽料隨后在斷奶后的27天使用10千克過渡飼料。在這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，自斷奶到斷奶后27天，給予高水平教槽料和過渡飼料的仔豬組，體重增加1.2千克，飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率也有提高。然而,在斷奶后50天，體重優(yōu)勢(shì)丟失，兩個(gè)處理的仔豬在相同日齡達(dá)到屠宰體重的目標(biāo)，并且自斷奶至上市屠宰期間的FCE相似。這項(xiàng)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),飼喂開食料的好處主要體現(xiàn)在斷奶后10天之內(nèi)（勞勒等，2002）。

In a more recent study Leliveld et al. (2013) fed four different allocation levels of starter and link diet (Table 11), and found that the allocation levels of starter and link diets immediately post-weaning had little influence on post-weaning growth performance. Moreover, Leliveld et al. (2013) found that weaning age (3, 4 or 5 weeks) did not affect the response to the level of starter and link diets fed. If growth performance was looked at alone this would suggest that there was no benefit from feeding more than 1kg starter and 3kg link diet. However, this should be treated with caution as mortality was higher in this study when low levels of starter and link were fed.

在最近的研究中，Leliveld 等 （2013年）喂養(yǎng)教槽料和過渡料（表11）四種不同的分配水平，并發(fā)現(xiàn)教槽料和過渡料的配置水平對(duì)于斷奶后生長(zhǎng)性能影響很小。Leliveld等（2013年）發(fā)現(xiàn)，斷奶年齡（3，4或5周）并不影響教槽料和過渡料不同水平的飼喂效果。如果只追求生長(zhǎng)性能，這個(gè)研究結(jié)果就表明，超過1KG教槽料和3千克過渡飼料就沒有啥好處。然而，在這項(xiàng)研究中，喂以低水平教槽料和過渡料造成的死亡率更高，這是應(yīng)該認(rèn)真對(duì)待的。

Bearing the above in mind it might be possible to feed allocations of starter and link as low as 1 and 3kg respectively to heavy weaned pigs in a high health situation. However, lighter weaned pigs, which are more likely in large litters, will likely benefit from a higher allocation of starter and link. In addition, if there are health problems on a unit then pigs will also likely benefit from a higher allocation of starter and link.

結(jié)合上面討論，對(duì)于健康狀況好、體重大的斷奶仔豬，飼喂教槽料和過渡料也許可以分別低至1和3千克。然而,斷奶體重小的豬,在大窩時(shí)更有可能是斷奶體重小,給予更多的教槽料和過渡料可能更好。此外,如果一個(gè)單元上有健康問題，那么給予更多教槽料和過渡料也可能使得仔豬受益。

Table 11. Effect of allocation of starter and link diets on growth performance (Leliveld et al., 2013)

表11教槽料和過渡料的分配對(duì)生長(zhǎng)性能的影響（Leliveld等，2013）

教槽料（KG）	1	2	3	4	s.e.
過渡料（KG）	3	6	9	12
死亡率（%）	10	10	4	2
體重（KG）
斷奶	8.1	7.7	8.5	8.1	0.29
斷奶后2周	12.2	11.6	12.8	12.2	0.35
10周齡	25.4	24.9	26.3	24.4	0.85
性能數(shù)據(jù)
斷奶至斷奶后兩周
平均日增重（g）	291	276	306	298	11.5
平均日采食量（g）	342	328	357	334	13.1
飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率	1.18	1.22	1.16	1.13	0.033
斷奶至斷奶后十周
平均日增重（g）	416	411	432	395	14.8
平均日采食量(g)	620	610	653	596	21.8
飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率	1.51	1.52	1.52	1.52	0.038

S.e.=標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤差 注：同列肩標(biāo)未標(biāo)注或有相同字母者為差異不顯著（P＞0.05） ，有不同小寫字母者差異顯著（P＜0.05），不同大寫字母表示差異極顯著（P<0.01），下表同。

7. Liquid feeding

Liquid feeding reportedly stimulates post-weaning feed intake and growth rate in pigs. A series of four experiments to examine the effect of liquid feeding of weaned pigs on postweaning growth performance and residual effects up to slaughter were conducted at Moorepark (Lawlor et al. 2002b). Table 12 summarises the results from one of these experiments. Surprisingly, feeding liquid feed to weaned pigs did not increase pig growth rate and in fact, in other experiments decreased it. It was also quite wasteful, leading to unacceptable feed efficiency. With fermented liquid feed, uncontrolled fermentation of the feed is highly unpredictable and the growth of undesirable bacteria, yeasts and moulds can cause problems. A starter culture was deliberately added to produce fermented liquid feed in this study; however, DM gain/feed was still decreased. It is concluded that there is no benefit from liquid feeding weaned pigs whether in fresh, acidified or fermented form.

7.液體飼喂

據(jù)說液體飼喂可以刺激豬的斷奶后采食量和增長(zhǎng)率。一組四個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究飼喂液體飼料對(duì)斷奶后生長(zhǎng)性能的影響，和直到出欄的殘余影響（勞勒等。2002年b）。表12總結(jié)了這些實(shí)驗(yàn)之一的結(jié)果。令人驚奇的是，飼喂液體料的仔豬，并沒有提高斷奶仔豬的生長(zhǎng)速度，并且事實(shí)上，在其他實(shí)驗(yàn)中生長(zhǎng)速度下降。這也很浪費(fèi)飼料，導(dǎo)致不可接受的飼料效率。就發(fā)酵液體飼料而言，不受控制的飼料發(fā)酵是高度不可預(yù)測(cè)的，不需要的細(xì)菌、酵母和霉菌的生長(zhǎng)可能會(huì)引起問題。在這項(xiàng)研究中，發(fā)酵劑培養(yǎng)物被人為的加入到生產(chǎn)發(fā)酵教槽料;然而，DM增益/飼料之比仍有所下降。得出的結(jié)論是，液體飼料飼喂斷奶仔豬沒有好處，無論液體飼料是否新鮮、酸化或發(fā)酵的形式。

Table 12. Effect of liquid feeding on pig performancea (LSMb ± SEM; Lawlor et al. 2002b)

表12.液體飼料對(duì)豬的影響（LSMB±SEM; Lawlor等人2002年b）

處理	DPF	ALF	FLF	SEM
體重（kg）
斷奶	8.0	8.0	8.0
27天	17.7	18.5	17.3	0.35
屠宰前活重	1101.0	99.8	98.4	0.8
DMI（g/d）
0到27天	407	518	473	14.9
0天到屠宰	1376	1358	1337	13.1
ADG（g/d）
0到27天	361	389	347	13.2
0天到屠宰	684	695	683	8.1
DM 增重/飼料
0到27天	888	749	733	15.8
0天到屠宰	495	513	511	6.7

表注呢？需要翻譯！

8. Feeding milk replacer post-weaning

Feeding milk replacer in the immediate post-weaning period could be an effective strategy to increase feed intake and daily gain in the critical few days after weaning. Feeding a milk replacer plus starter diet for 4 days after weaning increased daily gain by 20-30% in the first week after weaning when compared with feeding the starter diet alone. The pigs also contained more protein and fat in their carcasses and had longer intestinal villi than pigs that were left on the sow, or pigs that were weaned directly onto starter diet (Zijlstra et al., 1996). Low post-weaning intakes are responsible for the reduction in villous height seen after weaning. This villous shortening accentuates the low growth rates normally observed in the first week after weaning. However, offering liquid milk diets at regular intervals during this period could help maintain gut integrity, and thereby help overcome the growth lag at this time (Pluske et al., 1995).

8.斷奶后飼喂代乳品

在斷奶期喂養(yǎng)代乳品可能是斷奶后增加采食量和日增重的有效策略。在斷奶后用代乳品+教槽料飼喂4天，與單獨(dú)飼喂開食料相比，斷奶后第一周日增重可增加20%-30％。與留在母豬身邊的仔豬相比，或者與斷奶后直接飼喂開食料的仔豬相比，這些仔豬的胴體含有更多的蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪，并且小腸絨毛更長(zhǎng)（澤吉爾斯達(dá)等，1996）。在斷奶后采食量低可導(dǎo)致絨毛高度的降低。這種絨毛縮短使得斷奶后第一周本來就低的生長(zhǎng)速度更加惡化。然而,在此期間定期提供液態(tài)奶的日糧有助于維護(hù)腸道的完整性,從而有助于仔豬克服這時(shí)的生長(zhǎng)滯后(Pluske et al .,1995)。

Feeding liquid milk post-weaning is not widely practiced due to economic and labour considerations. However, this is a strategy that could benefit immediate post-weaning feed intake and growth of, in particular, light weaned pigs. Extreme caution would be advised regarding hygiene for the system used to both deliver and feed the milk replacer to avoid associated health problems.

由于經(jīng)濟(jì)和勞動(dòng)力方面的考慮，喂養(yǎng)液態(tài)奶沒有被廣泛使用。然而,這個(gè)策略可以立即有助于仔豬飼料攝入量，尤其是斷奶體重小的仔豬，生長(zhǎng)更快。極謹(jǐn)慎的建議是注意系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)生，這些用于飼喂飼料代乳品的工具，以避免相關(guān)的健康問題。