Estimating Water Usage on Michigan Swine Farms 美國密歇根豬場用水量計算

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Estimating Water Usage on Michigan Swine Farms

美國密歇根豬場用水量計算

JerryMay

Michigan State University Extension

EstimatingWater Used by Swine Farms in Michigan

密歇根豬場用水量估算

Swine farms use well water for wateringanimals, cleaning facilities, animal cooling and in some instances for movingmanure from the barn to the storage structure. Most pigs are raised in an all-in/all-out environments where one groupof pigs, at the same stage of production, is moved into a location and staysthere until that group is ready to move to the next location or on toslaughter.  Between groups the facilityis thoroughly cleaned by pre-soaking and/or pressure washing.  In the summer, during periods of extremeheat, pigs may be cooled by using drippers which emit small drops of waterperiodically on the animals back, or by misters giving off a small mist ofwater intermittently to cool the room. Some farms use well water to flush manure from the barn to the manurestorage structure, but this practice is not very widespread in Michigan and thereforethat water was not considered in these calculations.

豬場用水主要用于豬飲水，清洗豬舍，豬只降溫還有糞便從豬舍轉(zhuǎn)移到化糞池用水（水泡糞）。大多數(shù)的豬群都飼養(yǎng)在一個全進(jìn)全出的環(huán)境中，同一批次的豬，處于同一飼養(yǎng)階段，同時轉(zhuǎn)移到一個地點，然后同時等待轉(zhuǎn)移到下一地點或等待屠宰淘汰。在兩個批次的豬轉(zhuǎn)出轉(zhuǎn)入之間，豬舍設(shè)備要經(jīng)過預(yù)浸泡和高壓沖洗。 尤其在夏季非常炎熱時期，還需要加濕器在豬的背部上方間歇性的噴灑小水滴，或者向空氣中噴霧降溫（大多采用水簾）。很多豬場都采用用水沖洗糞便到化糞池，但是在密歇根地區(qū)還不是很普及，所以在本文中沒有考慮進(jìn)去。

Table 1 provides the estimateddaily water consumption by pigs of various sizes.  The range in daily water consumption withineach stage of production is dependant on temperature and water conservationpractices on the farm.  For this examplethe average of the range will be used to estimate daily water use.

表1提供了不同生長階段豬的用水量，不同數(shù)值的區(qū)間范圍依賴于環(huán)境溫度和豬場的節(jié)水措施，這些數(shù)據(jù)可以為每天用水作為參考。

Table 1: Water requirements of pigs1

Animal  type	L/頭/天	Animal type	L/頭/天
Sow and  litter	9.5 – 26.5	Finishing  pig (100 – 250# BW)	11.5 - 19
Nursery  pig (up to 60# BW)	2.65	Gestating  sow	11.5 - 23
Growing  pig (60 – 100# BW)	7.5-11.5	Boar	30
		Replacement  Gilt	11.5

1Swine Care Handbook

Michigan’s averagedaily and annual water consumption for pigs at various stages of production isprovided in Table 2.  The Hog & Piginventory information is from the 2002-2003Michigan Agriculture Statistics (NASS). Hog and pig inventories fluctuate from Quarter to Quarter, therefore the2002 April 1, June1, September1, and December 1 inventories were averaged toreport the 2002 numbers.  The gallon perhead per day is the average of the figures provided in Table 1.

表2是每天和每年度的豬平均用水量，生豬庫存信息來源于2002-2003NASS，庫

存信息主要從第一季度到第四季度，因此取2002年4月1日，6月1日，9月1日

12月1日的數(shù)據(jù)，每頭豬日用水量取表1的平均值。

Table2:  Direct water use - Drinking

	Michigan hog and	L/hd/	L	L
Stage	pig inventory2	day	daily use	annual use
Pigs  under 60#	305,000	2.65	808250	295011250
60 –  119#	202,000	9.5	1919000	700435000
120 –  179#	156,000	15	2340000	854100000
Over  180#	143,000	15	2145000	782925000
Gilts	6,500	11.4	74100	27046500
Boars	3,000	30	90000	32850000
Sow  and Litter	12,800	19	243200	88768000
Gestating  Sow	94,200	15	1413000	515745000
Total Annual Water for Animal  Drinking			9032550	3296880750

It was more difficult to estimate theindirect water use on swine farms.  Thereis no reported information on which farms use which practice and the amount ofwater consumed by each practice.  Table 3Indirect Water Use – Cleaning and Table 4 Indirect Water Use - Coolingwere developed using estimates from individuals working in the field.  It was estimated that about two thirds of thepigs reared in Michigan reside on farms that regularly clean the farmsfacilities, the remainder of the pigs may reside in pasture or beddedsituations where cleaning facilities with water is impractical. Therefore thenumber of head or litters was multiplied by 67% in determining total water use.

實際上很難估算每個豬場用水量，沒有詳細(xì)的每個豬場采用何種飼養(yǎng)方式和每個飼養(yǎng)方式的用水量。表3-沖洗用水，表4-降溫用水。有2/的豬場會定期的沖洗豬舍，剩下的可能飼養(yǎng)在牧區(qū)或發(fā)酵床上，不能用水清洗。因此清洗用水的數(shù)據(jù)在總用水量基礎(chǔ)上乘以0.67.

Table 3: Indirect water use - Cleaning

			% of	Head	Total water
Operation	Approx. run time	Gal/hr.	pigs	or litters	used
Wash  Farrowing	20 hours / 100 litters	180	67%	184,000	4,438,080
Wash  Nursery	4 hrs. / 1000 hd	180	67%	1,736,000	837,446
Wash  Finish	15 hrs. / 1000 hd	180	67%	1,915,000	3,464,235
Pre  soak Farr	1.25 hours / 100 litters	600	67%	184,000	924,600
Pre  soak Nursery	.5 hours / 1000 hd	240	67%	1,736,000	139,574
Pre  soak Finish	2 hrs per 1,000 hd	600	67%	184,000	147,936
Total water for cleaning					9,951,872

Table 4:  Indirect water use - Cooling

	Approx. run time	Days	Gal/hr/	% of	Head	Total water
Operation		> 80o F	animal	pigs	or litters	used
Cool  Farrowing	8  hrs/sow/day	70	2	67%	12,800	9,605,120
Cool  Breeding	8  hrs/sow/day	70	2	4%	94,200	4,220,160
Cool  Finishing	8  hrs/1,000 hd/day	70	2	10%	501,000	56,112
Total  water for cooling						13,881,392

In Michiganlarger swine farms may have up 2,500 sows at one location, or up to 4,000finishing animals at one location.  Michigan has farms thatcontrol more animals but the 2,500 sows and 4,000 finishing animals thresholdrepresents the upper ranges of animals at one location being provided waterfrom one water system.  Using the figuresin Tables 2, 3, and 4 one may estimate that a location with 2,500 sows will use4.84 million gallons of water annually (13,262 gallons per day), and a 4,000head finishing location would use 5.13 million gallons of water annually(14,055 gallons per day).

在大型豬場里面一個地點會有2500頭母豬，或者4000頭生長育肥豬。雖然這個地區(qū)有很多豬，但是一個供水系統(tǒng)最大的飼養(yǎng)量就是2500頭母豬，或者4000頭生長育肥豬。利用表2.，3，4的數(shù)據(jù)就會算出這些豬每天，以及每年的用水量。

Because of the swine industry structure,where large farms contract with other farms for growing pigs, it is estimatedthat there are no swine farms in Michigan that individually consume more than100,000 gallons of water per day.

由于采用兩點以上的飼養(yǎng)模式，所以沒有哪個豬場會每天使用超過380噸的水。

In Michigan,the estimated annual water used by swine farms is 899.39 million gallons.  The water used for cooling is at low rates,on hot days when buildings are being well ventilated, therefore all of thecooling water should be considered as evaporative (consumptive).  Very little of the water used for cleaningevaporates, therefore all of the cleaning water should be considered asnon-consumptive.  

每年的總用水量是89939 萬加侖。夏季通風(fēng)較好，降溫用水較少。沖洗用水基本沒有蒸發(fā)。

Market hogs are approximately 50% water(Tri-State Swine Nutrition Guide).  The2000 PigChamp Benchmarking publication reports that in year 2000 Michigan’s sowherd had a 47% replacement rate (sows that are sold and replaced with youngergilts) (PigChamp). Michigan Agriculture Statistical Services (NASS) shows thatin 2002 Michiganmarketed 2.03 million head of hogs with a total weight of 522.9 millionpounds.  Using the PigChamp culling rateand the 2002 sow inventory, one may calculate that in 2002 there were 50,000sows culled weighing approximately 17.60 million pounds and containing 1.1million gallons water.  Subtracting thecull sow sales from the total 2002 hogs sales indicates that Michigan’s hogproducers sold 1.98 million market hogs weighing approximately 505.3 millionpounds 2002 (31.58 million gallons water).  Table 5 provides the total consumptive/non-consumptive water use in Michigan.

Table5:  Consumptive water use

Water use	Consumptive3	Non-consumptive3	Totals3
Raising Market Hogs	31.58	667.21	698.79
Maintaining Breeding Herd		176.77	176.77
Cooling Facilities	13.88		13.88
Cleaning Facilities		9.95	9.95
Totals	45.46	853.93	899.39

3Million Gallons

007畜牧

很好 加油

w65148871

007畜牧 發(fā)表于 2013-6-4 15:27
很好 加油

謝謝 很少有人看

山中的漫游者

專業(yè)的外文資料，很有價值的，我們的畜牧人，今后要多關(guān)注。

007畜牧

w65148871 發(fā)表于 2013-6-4 19:12
謝謝 很少有人看

慢慢來啊 我也在不斷努力中 如果要吸引別人來 我們還得拿出點東西來

w65148871

007畜牧 發(fā)表于 2013-6-5 07:34
慢慢來啊 我也在不斷努力中 如果要吸引別人來 我們還得拿出點東西來

是呀，我的原則是實用的，專業(yè)的翻譯過來，如果稍加修飾整理還是很正規(guī)的

007畜牧

w65148871 發(fā)表于 2013-6-5 09:14
是呀，我的原則是實用的，專業(yè)的翻譯過來，如果稍加修飾整理還是很正規(guī)的

嗯 加油哦

liuyuanyuan

建一個大的育肥場，年出欄25萬的規(guī)模，分四期建設(shè)，一期6萬頭馬上完工。但是現(xiàn)在遇到一個問題，擔(dān)心25萬頭的規(guī)模，地下水量不能長久供應(yīng)，因為是在山區(qū)建的場，水資源如果出現(xiàn)了短缺將是致命的，樓主在地下水資源量的計算上，有沒有造詣？聽聽你的高見......

w65148871

liuyuanyuan 發(fā)表于 2013-11-22 11:04
建一個大的育肥場，年出欄25萬的規(guī)模，分四期建設(shè)，一期6萬頭馬上完工。但是現(xiàn)在遇到一個問題，擔(dān)心25萬頭的 ...

先讓打井的公司在場地附近做勘測，看出水位置出水量，能不能滿足用水量?？梢远啻驇籽劬?。確實沒有可以從附近的好的水源地埋設(shè)管線飲水，可以向當(dāng)?shù)卣暾堈叻龀值模銈冞@么大的項目，完全可以。我們原來有個項目引水管線26KM。

liuyuanyuan

w65148871 發(fā)表于 2013-11-22 12:46
先讓打井的公司在場地附近做勘測，看出水位置出水量，能不能滿足用水量?？梢远啻驇籽劬４_實沒有可以從 ...

前輩經(jīng)驗很豐富啊，服務(wù)于那個公司？